This article examines the dialogue between structuralist and phenomenological approaches in contemporary Islamic social thought through the lens of Peyman Vahabzadeh's radical phenomenology. Adopting a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical design, the study employs documentary and conceptual analysis of primary sources, including Vahabzadeh's Articulated Experiences (2003), Kuntowijoyo's Islam Sebagai Ilmu (2006), and Hanafi's Min al-'Aqidah ila al-Thawrah (1966), along with secondary literature analyzing these thinkers. The research addresses a critical theoretical gap: while structuralist frameworks like Kuntowijoyo's transcendental structuralism and phenomenological approaches like Hanafi's actual theology have significantly shaped Islamic social theory, both remain entangled with forms of “ultimate referentiality” that foreclose the “evental” and “horizon-opening” dimensions of social movements. Drawing on Vahabzadeh's critique of foundationalism and his “sociology of possibilities,” the study develops a synthetic framework that integrates structural analysis with phenomenological attention to lived experience. Through four phases of analysis, conceptual identification, comparative analysis, critique of ultimate referentiality, and synthesis, the research demonstrates that Kuntowijoyo's framework grounds itself in divine revelation as ultimate referentiality, while Hanafi's phenomenological theology ultimately remains committed to theocentric foundations. The proposed synthetic framework, combining structural analysis as horizon-mapping, phenomenological attention to lived experience, evental rupture and horizon-opening, and reflexive critique of ultimate referentiality, offers analytical resources for understanding contemporary social movements in Muslim societies as generative phenomena that disrupt sedimented meanings while gesturing toward new possibilities. By bridging phenomenological social theory and social movement studies, this inquiry contributes to a post-foundational Islamic social theory that takes seriously the “open expanse of possible futures” social movements gesture toward.