Document Type : Research Article / Original Article

Authors

• ghorban elmi ¹
• Sedigheh abriishamkar ²

¹ Professor of Religions and Mysticism, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

² Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) stands out as one of the few Muslim scholars who approached religious studies with notable innovation. A distinguishing feature of his scholarship is his phenomenological method in understanding diverse religious traditions. Given the significance of examining his theological perspective—particularly within the framework of the phenomenology of religion—and the lack of focused research in this domain, the present study aims to explore his theological views and his method of engaging with various religions. Using a comparative approach, this research draws upon al-Biruni’s major works and his most significant contributions to the study of religion, alongside contemporary scholarship analyzing his perspectives. The findings suggest that al-Biruni’s religious approach closely parallels modern methodologies in the study of religion, especially in the field of religious phenomenology. He undertook a cautious and objective comparative analysis of religions, consciously avoiding bias. In his encounters with the "religious other," al-Biruni adopted an empathetic and non-judgmental stance, striving to understand each religion from the standpoint of its adherents. He viewed truth as a pluralistic concept, accessible to all of humanity, and regarded all religions as potential paths to salvation.

Keywords

• Abu Rayhan al-Biruni
• Comparative study of religions
• Phenomenology of religion
• Religious studies

Main Subjects

• Rereading and interpreting the ideas of leading Muslim thinkers