Journal of Social Theories of Muslim Thinkers

Document Type : Research Article / Original Article

Authors

1 MA of Strategic management of culture, Faculty of Social and cultural sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran.

2 MA of Sociology, Faculty of social Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.

3 MA of Philosophy of social sciences, Faculty of social Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Attention to research in the field of religious studies has not only a declining trend, but we can see the quantitative and qualitative growth of this researches, especially the research about the types, amount and changes of religiosity in recent decades. Among these, one of the most fundamental challenges in the field of religious studies is the design of indigenous indicators that are appropriate to the cultural, historical and social contexts. Although in Iran, in the last two decades, valuable efforts have been made in this field; But still, the designed indicators have not been able to gain general acceptance and usage. On the other hand, religion and consequently religiosity can be classified and studied in three cognitive - epistemic, emotional or behavioral dimensions. In the studies that have presented the scale about religiosity, the effort to present the scale in all three dimensions has reduced the accuracy and detailed discussion in each of these mentioned dimensions. Therefore, the need to pay more detail about each of these dimensions in the topics related to religiosity is felt. so, the aim of this article is to provide Indigenous indicators with an emphasis on the epistemic dimension of religiosity. In this research, first through theoretical studies, 81 indicators were calculated to measure religiosity and were evaluated during 20 exploratory interviews. Then, 23 components under 6 more frequent and more important axes were identified, which can be used as an indicator to measure epistemic religiosity in different statistical societies. These components are: "attitude towards religion", "expectation from religion", "epistemic foundations", "anthropological foundations", "meaning and purpose of life", "man's understanding of ethical foundations".

Keywords

Main Subjects

A group of writers; Under the supervision of Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi (2011). Philosophy of Education. Tehran: madrese Publishers [in Persian]
Akbarzadeh, Fariba; Dehbashi, Mehdi; Shanazari, Jafar (2014). A Comparative Study and Analysis of Death and Its Relationship with the Meaning of Life in Rumi and Heidegger. Comparative Theology. 5 (11). 9-20 [in Persian]
Alikhani, Ali-Akbar (2001). Human Freedom from The Viewpoint of The Quran. Political Science. 4 (15). 123-140 [in Persian]
Allport, G (1950). The individual and His religion. New York: Mac Millan
Allport, G (1966). The religious context of prejudice. journal for the scientific study of religion. 5. 432-443
Andrew, Heywood (2014). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Translated by Mohammad Rafiee Mehrabadi. Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs [in Persian]
Anselm, Strauss; Juliet Corbin (2005). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory; procedures and Techniques. Translated by Buik Mohammadi. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies press [in Persian]
Arblaster, Anthony (1998). The rise and decline of Wastern liberalism. Translated by Abbas Mokhber. Tehran: nashr-e-markaz [in Persian]
Aron, Raymond (2007). Main Currents in Sociological Thought. Translated by Baqir Parham. Tehran: Elmi - Farhangi Publications [in Persian]
Ashmawi, Muhammad Said (1995). Political Islam. n.p: Maktab Madbouli al-Saghir [in Arabic]
Bagheriyan Khoozani, Mohammad; Rajabi, Mahmood (2014). The effect of intention on the moral value of action from the perspective of the Holy Quran. Qur'an shenakht. 7 (2). 95-114 [in Persian]
Barbour, Ian (1983). science and religion. Translated by Bahaedin Khoramshahi. Tehran: Iran University press [in Persian]
Bashiriyeh, Hossein (1995). Political sociology: the role of social groups in political life. Tehran: nashr-e ney [in Persian]
Bazargan, Mehdi (1998). The Hereafter and God: The Purpose of Prophets' Mission. Tehran: khadamat-e farhangi rasa [in Persian]
Crawford, Robert (2016). The God, Man, World Triangle: a dialogue between science and religion. Translated by Hamidreza Abdoli Mehrjardi. Qom: University of Religions and Denominations publisher [in Persian]
Creswell, John W (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches. Translated by Hassan DanaeeFard and Hosein Kazemi . Tehan: Saffar [in Persian]
Davari, Reza (1995). Farabi. Tehran: tarh-e-no [in Persian]
Daylami, Hassan bin Mohammad (1997). Irshad al-Qulob. Translated by Ali Solghi Nahavandi. Qom: naser [in Persian]
De Pizan, Christine (2015). The City of Ladies. Translated by Marzieh Khosravi. Tehran: roozegareno Publication [in Persian]
Dehqanpour, Alireza; Divani, Amir (2011). The meaning and purpose of life from Sadruddin Shirazi's point of view. Ethical Research. 2 (1). 19-42 [in Persian]
Durkheim, Emile (2004). The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. Translated by Baqir Parham. Tehran: nashr-e-markaz [in Persian]
Ebrahimi, Abolfazl (2008). Eschatological beliefs and their relationship with mental health. Ravanshenasi & Din. 1 (3). 107-125 [in Persian]
Ebrahimi, Abolfazl; Bahrami ehsan, Hadi (2012). Preparing and validating the scale of measuring the eschatology. Ravanshenasi & Din. 5 (4). 53-70 [in Persian]
Ebrahimi, Abolfazl; Bahrami ehsan, Hadi (2012). The relationship between eschatology and health in students of Tehran University and religious studies students of Qom seminary. Ravanshenasi & Din. 4 (2). 45-62 [in Persian]
Elahi Rad, Safdar (2016). Knowledge of Human. Qom: The Imam Khomeini Institute for Education and Research [in Persian]
Feirahi, Davood (1998). Basics of freedom and party in Shia religion. Political Science. 1 (3). 133-149 [in Persian]
Ganji, Mohammad; Heydarian, Amin (2014). Cultural Capital and Economy of Culture. Strategy. 23 (72) 77-97 [in Persian]
Giddens, Anthony (2007). Sociology. Translated by Hasan Chavoshian. Tehran: nashr-e ney [in Persian]
Glock, C; Stark, R (1965). Religion and Society in Tension. Chicago: Rand McNally
Guardini, Romano (1993). The Death of Socrates. Translated by Mohammadhasan Lotfi. Tehran: tarh-e-no [in Persian]
Hill, P.C. and Hood Jr., R.W (1999). Measures of Religiosity. Birmingham: Religious Education Press
Himmelfarb, Harold (1975). Measuring Religious Involvements. Social Forces. 53 (4). pp.18-606
Horton, R (1960). A definition of religion and its uses, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol 90 (No 2), pp 201-226
Husseinzade, Mohammad (2007). The sources of knowledge. Qom: The Imam Khomeini Institute for Education and Research [in Persian]
Husseinzade, Mohammad (2017). Paradigm: myth or reality. Qom: The Imam Khomeini Institute for Education and Research [in Persian]
Ibn Arabi, Muhammad ibn Ali (1989). rahmah men al-rahman. n.p: unknown [in Arabic]
Ja'fari, Mohammad-Taqi (1969). Commentary and analysis of Jalaluddin Mohammad Balkhi's Masnavi. Tehran: Allameh Mohammad Taghi Jafari Institute for editing and publishing works [in Persian]
Javadi Amoli, Abdollah (1998). Shariat in the light of cognition. Qom: Raja Cultural Institute [in Persian]
Javadi-Amoli, Abdollah (2007). The dignity of reason in the geometry of religious knowledge. Qom: nashresra [in Persian]
Kalantari, Abdolhossein; Shahrzad, Zahra; Parsania, Hamid (2021). Mechanisms of Recalling or Forgetting Death: A Qualitative Study. Strategic Research on Social Problems in Iran. 10 (4). 1-20 [in Persian]
Kant, I (2019). Answering the question: What is enlightenment?. Strelbytskyy Multimedia Publishing
Khodayarifard, Mohammad et al (2021). Theoretical and Methodological Foundations of religiosity measurement including religiosity scales. Tehran: Tehran University Press [in Persian]
Khomeini, Ruhullah (1997). Forty Hadith. Tehran: The Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini’s Works [in Persian]
Khomeini, Ruhullah (2009). Governance of the jurist: islamic government. Tehran: The Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini’s Works [in Persian]
Khosropanah, Abdol Hossein (2003). The man's eopectations of religion. Tehran: The organization for Publication of Research Institute for Islamic Culture and Thought’s Works [in Persian]
Khosropanah, Abdol Hossein (2007). science and religion. Qom: The Imam Khomeini Institute for Education and Research [in Persian]
Lakzai, Sharif ; Keikha, Najmeh (2015). Freedom in the Qur’an: Exploring Possibility or Impossibility. Iranian Political Research (Previous Title: Sepehr –e siasat). 2 (4). 89-108 [in Persian]
Lenski, Gerhard (1961). The Religious Factor, A Sociological Study of Religion's Impact on Politics, Economics, and Family Life. New York (Garden City) , Doubleday and Company, Inc
Machiavelli, Niccolo (2021). The prince. Translated by Mahmood Mahmood. Tehran: negah [in Persian]
Mahboobi, Reza (2015). Building a (indigenous) scale to measure religiosity. Management at Islamic University. 4 (1). 117-134 [in Persian]
Majlesi, Mohammad-Baqer bin Mohammad Taqi (1982). Bihar al-Anwar. Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Trath al-Arabi [in Arabic]
Marx, K; Engels, F (1957). On Religion. Moscow: Progress Publishers
McComiskey, B (1997). Gorgias," On Non-Existence": Sextus Empiricus," Against the Logicians" 1.65-87, Translated from the Greek Text in Hermann Diels's" Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker". Philosophy & Rhetoric, Vol 30. No 1. pp 45-49
Mesbah Yazdi, Mohammad Taghi (1986). Theological Instructions. Tehran: Islamic Development Organization press [in Persian]
Mesbah Yazdi, Mohammad Taghi (2012). The philosophy of morality. Qom: The Imam Khomeini Institute for Education and Research [in Persian]
Mesbah Yazdi, Mohammad Taghi (2013). Science and Religion. Qom: The Imam Khomeini Institute for Education and Research [in Persian]
Mesbah Yazdi, Mohammad Taghi (2019). Society and History in the Quran. Qom: The Imam Khomeini Institute for Education and Research [in Persian]
Mesbah, Mojtaba; Abdollah Mohammadi (2016). A series of lessons on the basics of Islamic thought 1: Epistemology. Qom: The Imam Khomeini Institute for Education and Research [in Persian]
Mohammadpour, Ahmad (2018). Counter-Method: The Philosophical Underpinnings and Practical Procedures of Qualitative Methodology. Tehran: Logos [in Persian]
Mohseni Tabrizi, Alireza; Karamollahi, Nematolah (2009). Examining the state of students' commitment to dimensions and signs of religiosity. Sociological researches. 3 (2). 7-34 [in Persian]
Motahhari, Morteza (1960). The principle of ijtihad in Islam. Maktab-e Tashayyo. 6. 301-333 [in Persian]
Motahhari, Morteza (1961). The right of reason in ijtihad. Maktab-e Tashayyo. 9. 353-367 [in Persian]
Motahhari, Morteza (1999). Spiritual freedom. Tehran: Sadra [in Persian]
Motahhari, Morteza (2005). The collection of Shahid Motahari's works. Tehran: Sadra [in Persian]
Motahhari, Morteza (2009). Women's rights system in Islam. Tehran: Sadra [in Persian]
Mulla Sadra Sadr al-Din Shirazi, Muhammad bin Ibrahim (1975). al-Mabda‘ wa’l-ma‘ad. Tehran: Iranian wisdom and philosophy association [in Arabic]
Mulla Sadra Sadr al-Din Shirazi, Muhammad bin Ibrahim (1981). al-Shawahid al-rububiyyah. Mashhad: Al-Marqas Al Jama'i publishers [in Arabic]
Mulla Sadra Sadr al-Din Shirazi, Muhammad bin Ibrahim (2004). description of Kitab al-Kafi(Sharh Usool Al-Kafi). Tehran: Institute of Cultural Studies and Research [in Arabic]
Mulla Sadra Sadr al-Din Shirazi, Muhammad bin Ibrahim (2010). Asrar al-ayat and anwar al-binat. Tehran: Sadra Islamic Philosophy and Research Institute [in Arabic]
Nadel, S.F (1954). Nupe Religion. London: Routledge
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad (1992). Risalah qavaid al- aqaid. Beirut: Dar al-Ghorba [in Arabic]
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad (1996). Sharh al-Isharat. V2. Qom: Nashr-e al-balagha [in Arabic]
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2000). The need for a sacred science. Translated by Hassan Miandari. Qom: Taha Cultural Institute [in Persian]
Parsania, Hamid (2009). Mysticism and Politics. Qom: Bustan-e Ketab Publishers [in Persian]
Peterson, Michael; Hasker, William; Reichenbach, Bruce; Basinger, David (2014). Reason and religious belief : an introduction to the philosophy of religion. Translated by Ahmad Naraqi and Ebrahim Soltani. Tehran: tarh-e-no [in Persian]
Pirouzmand, Alireza (2010). The realm of religion in determining basic assumptions; values, behaviors and symbols. Tehran: secretariat of supreme council of the cultural revolution Publishers [in Persian]
Plato (2001). Complete works of Plato. Translated by Mohammadhasan Lotfi and Reza Kaviyani. Tehran: Khaarazmi publishing [in Persian]
Pour-Ezzat, Ali Asqhar; Pourmojarab, Golara; Zarei Matin, Hasan; Yazdani, Hamid Reza (2019). Designing a Model for Evaluating Ethical Behavior in Iranian Organizations in the Light of the Quran and Nahj al-Balagha. revelatory ethics. 7 (2). 39-70 [in Persian]
Rahmani, mohamadreza (2010). Analysis and investigation of various aspects of the meaning of life. Marifat. 19 (158). 153-162 [in Persian]
Saduq, Muhammad ibn Ali (2006). The causes of Shari'ah. Qom: Davari [in Arabic]
serajzadeh, Husayn; Pouyafar, Mohammad Reza (2009). Measuring religiosity with a indigenous approach. Sociology of Iran's social issues (Iranian social science research). 1 (2). 1-18 [in Persian]
Shojaeezand, Alireza (2001). Religion, society and secularization. Tehran: nashr-e-markaz [in Persian]
Shojaeezand, Alireza (2005). A model for measuring religiosity in Iran. Iranian Journal of Sociology. 6 (1). 34-66 [in Persian]
Shojaeezand, Alireza (2009). The Clergy and new position. Shi'a studies. 7 (27). 231-264 [in Persian]
Soroush, Abdolkarim et al (2005). Tradition and secularism. Tehran: serat Cultural Institute [in Persian]
Soroush, Abdolkarim (2006). Tolerance and management. Tehran: serat Cultural Institute [in Persian]
Tabataba'i, Muhammad Husayn (2011). Al Mizan: An Exegesis of the Qur'an. Beirut: Al-Alami Press Foundation [in Arabic]
Tabataba'i, Muhammad Husayn (2009). a.Shia in Islam. Qom: Bustan-e Ketab Publishers [in Persian]
Tabataba'i, Muhammad Husayn (2009). b. Qur'an in Islam. Qom: Bustan-e Ketab Publishers [in Persian]
Tabataba'i, Muhammad Husayn (2008). Shia (A collection of discussions with professor Henry Corbin). Qom: Bustan-e Ketab Publishers [in Persian]
Taleban, Mohammad Reza (2009). A Conceptual Framework for Religiousity Survey in Iran. Islam and Social Sciences. 1 (2). 7-48 [in Persian]
The American Heritage College Dictionary (2002). Fourth Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Underwood, Lynn G., & Teresi, Jeanne A (2002). The daily spiritual experience scale: development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 24(1), 22-33
Weber, M (1965). The sociology of Religion. London: Methuen
Zokaei, Mohammad Saeed (2020). The art of conducting qualitative research: From problem solving to writing. Tehran: Agah press [in Persian]
Zolfaghari, mahdi; Omrani, Abuzar; no’dost, reza (2020). Comparative study of clerical capital during the Safavid and Qajar dynasties(Using Bourdieu's theory). Political Sociology Research. 3 (4). 115-141 [in Persian]